Range Brands General Target Market Description

Range Brands General Target Market Description Right off the bat, a brief situational investigation will be given. A short foundation of the organization and a depiction of the present execution of the endeavor will be given, before considering the presentation of the company⠿â ½s nearest contenders, current patterns and rising sections in the market followed by a portrayal of the present and wanted situating of Tissot. The poor relative presentation and stale piece of the overall industry of the organization gives the fundamental judicious to building up another promoting system for Tissot, planned for making a more grounded separation and progressively unmistakable picture for the brand. Besides, the advertising and correspondence targets of the battle will be expressed, before plotting the procedure for the crusade. The point is to reposition Tissot as  ¿Ã¢ ½sporty, rich and feminine⠿â ½ through a re-dispatch crusade, utilizing an incorporated promoting, post office based mail, retail location, PR and sponsorship system concentrating on the subjects social duty and innovativeness. The objective markets for the battle will be 22-multi year old AB working ladies, just as the company⠿â ½s present and possible new merchants. At last the report close with, subtleties of the crusade laying out the control gauges that will be utilized in the assessment period of the battle. Substance 1.0 Introduction 4 2.0 Company/Group History and items. 5 2.1 History 5 2.2 Swatch Group Product go 5 3.0 Investigation and examination 9 3.1 Overview of the UK Market 9 3.2 PESTLE Analysis. 10 3.3 Situational examination (SWOT) 11 3.4 Differential favorable position/Competitive edge (USP) 12 3.5 Current item scope of Tissot 12 4.0 Recommendations 14 4.1 Segmentation Targeting Positioning (STP) 14 4.1.1 Market Segmentation 14 4.2 Marketing destinations and objectives (SMART) 16 4.2.1 Marketing Objectives 17 4.2.2 Strategy 17 4.2.3 Target advertise 17 4.3 Desired Positioning 17 18 4.4 Marketing procedures and projects (4P ¿Ã‚ ½s) 18 5.0 Conclusion 21 5.1 Evaluation 21 6.0 Reference and Bibliography 21 1.0 Introduction The watches and adornments showcase has not been safe to the monetary atmosphere and the entire business endured in late 2008 and in 2009 as customer certainty fell and individuals turned out to be progressively mindful about their spending (Europa Star October, 2010). However, then again as per Europa Star report advertise elements, for example, moving purchaser perspectives has prompted a significant increment popular, and this pattern is relied upon to proceed additionally in the coming years. As per Europa Star (2010) in number watch gatherings, for example, Swatch gathering, LVMH and Richemont have faced the hardship and have gotten significantly more grounded. This is obvious from the triumphant benefit declarations from the Swatch Group, LVMH, and Richemont. In a developing and swarmed advertise, extravagance watch producer Swatch bunch has encountered stale deals and a steady piece of the pie. The focal point of this report will thusly to be layout the present market elements and suggest a suitable new promoting methodology for Swatch bunch particularly accentuating on its Tisot Brand. Basically, a brief situational examination will be given. A short foundation of the organization and a depiction of its brands and the present execution of the gathering will be given, trailed by the examination of company⠿â ½s nearest contenders. Further, examination of company⠿â ½s outside and interior condition will be followed. Subsequent to exploring its condition, a detail suggestion for its showcasing technique featuring key current patterns and rising sections in the market, trailed by a depiction of the present and wanted situating of the brand will be given. At last the report will finish up with a synopsis of the key discoveries and suggestions. 2.0 Company/Group History and items. 2.1 History The Swatch Group Ltd. is the main maker of completed watches on the planet. The Group is dynamic in the production of completed watches, adornments, and watch developments and parts. It delivers about the entirety of the parts important to make the watches sold under its 19 watch brands and the multi-brand Tourbillon retail name, just as the whole Swiss watchmaking industry. Furthermore, it works its own overall system of conveyance associations. The Swatch Group is likewise a key player in the electronic frameworks part. Tissot Brand. Established in 1853 at Le Locle, the origination of Swiss watch making, the Tissot brand is glad to have built up a solid custom of value and imaginative Swiss watches. The brand is accessible in more than 150 nations. 2.2 Swatch Group Product run Table 1.1 Swatch Group Product Range Range Brands General Target Market Description Esteem and Luxury Range Breguet, Blancpain, Glash⠿â ½tte Original, Jaquet Droz, L⠿â ½on Hatot, Omega and Tiffany Each of them starts quality and distinction from its own restrictive history, and reevaluates components⠿â ½ with top of the line and preeminent greatness focusing for the most elevated finish of the market. High Range Longines, Rado and Union Glash⠿â ½tte Wide arrangement of refined watches put at the top finish of the market. They are portrayed by their spearheading soul, their innovative upset and their significant association in game and plan. Center Range Tissot, ck watch adornments, Balmain, Certina, Mido and Hamilton Their amazingly sharp knowledge of recent developments  ¿Ã¢ ½ style, game and culture  ¿Ã¢ ½ which is reflected in the meaning of their top notch items, gives them a prominent in the mid-run showcase. They for all intents and purposes consistently involve the administration position in their diverse market specialties. The one of a kind attributes of each brand are reflected in the models that make up its range. Fundamental Range Swatch and Flik Flak. Two boundaries. Pattern on one hand, the most obvious of the Swatch Group⠿â ½s 19 brands and the most celebrated plastic watch on the planet; and Flik Flak on the other, solely saved for kids. Remained in the most minimal value fragment. The range is thusly colossal and focused on everybody. Private Label Endura Group makes all its skill accessible to outsider customers who are not dynamic in the watch making industry, fabricate restrictive for exceptional occasions, sports and so forth furnishing them with watches that consummately catch and recreate their picture. Source:www.swatchgroup.com In view of the above table the principle focal point of this report will be the mid-extend advertise, where Tissot brand is situated. Subsequently it is significant right off the bat to recognize it⠿â ½s direct or for this situation its inner rivals. The accompanying table depicts its interior rivals. Table 1.2 Internal contenders Position: Innovators by custom the main enemy of attractive watch in 1930; Astrolon, the principal watch with a plastic packaging in 1971; Rock watch, the primary watch with a packaging made of high stone in 1985, trailed by Pearl watch, the principal watch with a mother-of-pearl packaging in 1986, at that point Wood watch, the principal watch with a packaging made of wood in 1987. In 1996, Tissot propelled its first autoquartz models with 6-day self-sufficiency and afterward, in 2001, its popular T-Touch models with seven extra capacities enacted by contacting the watch⠿â ½s precious stone. Tissot has likewise fabricated its notoriety on an exceptional style and class. Individuals the world over perceive the dynamic that has managed the brand⠿â ½s fate for over 150 years. Its profound contribution in sport, its job as Official Chronometer at top-level national, trans-national and worldwide occasions Position: Absolute, contemporary The US creator Calvin Klein and the Swatch Group pooled their considerable ability in 1997 to make cK watch, a watch brand with realistic lines that are striking, refined and contemporary. Another and matchless sort of watch, a style extra watch. Today, more than 200 diverse Swiss-made models intended for men just as ladies enhance retail facades in excess of 60 nations. Described by its basic attractive picture that interprets refined lines and various metal surfaces into erotic bends. Position: A universe of style From 1987 to 1995, Balmain watches were produced under restrictive permit by the Swatch Group, which provided its enormous aptitude and best in class watchmaking innovation to the brand and the Parisian design house established in 1945. In December 1995, the Swatch Group procured the restrictive rights to produce showcase and appropriate the brand⠿â ½s watches all through the whole world. One of the brand⠿â ½s unmistakable highlights is the renowned  ¿Ã¢ ½arabesques⠿â ½ dial, the shocking plan They are equivalent with style and refinement, and meet the quality and stylish measures requested by recognizing ladies and men the same. Position: Reliability, exactness and advancement The soul of the celebrated Certina brand is enlivened by a custom of inflexible greatness and the ensured utilization of the best parts and materials  ¿Ã¢ ½ titanium, 316L hardened steel, sapphire glass, and the prestigious ETA Swiss Made developments. The organization has constructed its notoriety on the nature of the watch developments made by the Kurth siblings. As the Swiss chief in mid-extend brandishing watches, Certina has become the boss of exceptional quality at a reasonable cost. The presentation in 1959 of the idea of twofold security is a huge case of this, raising water and stun protection from beforehand unattained levels. Position: A characteristic of genuine plan Mido⠿â ½s aspiration is to deliver watches that have attributes run of the mill of the quality and cautious craftsmanship of a Swiss watch, in particular watches enriched with mechanical developments that are twisted either by hand or consequently. Immortality is the sign of its picture, which plans to be spotless cut and refined. As an expert in mechanical watches, Mido offers an assortment of models wi

What Is Career Planning Commerce Essay

What Is Career Planning Commerce Essay Fate, confidence, dreams, these relentless thoughts are held dunk in the core of men. For whatever length of time that they are individuals who look for opportunity in this life, this things will not disappear from the earth. Be that as it may, the vast majority kick the bucket without understanding this thoughts. Okay let that opportunity cruise you by? So I need to stand up and quit having a similar outlook as a scalar large number (having a state of size without a course) however act like a vector (having a heading and a state of extent) for example doing an extraordinary profession making arrangements for myself. Right off the bat, what is profession arranging? The demonstration of picking a lifelong way. By and large it is finished during immaturity and early adulthood. Be that as it may, it is regularly adjusted as changes in oneself, the world or work change over the span of a people life. At the end of the day profession arranging could be characterized with various terms, for example, profession professional directing, professional direction and vocation direction. Vocation arranging could likewise be characterized as the methods through which we accomplish our destinations and draw nearer to our objective. Profession arranging could be separated in to the vertical and level bearing. Level profession arranging depends on the manners by which I will use to secure the information and aptitudes of my fantasy work. In the other hand vertical vocation arranging depends on the information I have on the business I wish to work for and how they have develop after some time.  â â â â â â â â â For a beginning, what is my place of size? My place of size is the pick I had always wanted, which is turning into a branch chief in a worldwide bank. To arrive at this objective I need to experience a few stages. Right off the bat, picking up my important abilities required for the activity. So to pick up these aptitudes I must be orientated on the best way to increase a solid instructive foundation on my profession. I will begin from the degree of accomplishing a development level testament in sociology with a passing mark (mathematic, Economics, Geography and reasoning). This will lead me to the subsequent stage in accomplishing a HND endorsement in banking and account. From this progression I will attempt to pick up work understanding by doing my entry level position for a bank under the client assistance division. Likewise, I will endeavor on having my four year certification in business the board. Now, I will look forward on holding the situation of a clerk in a bank that has a promising profession development like Lloyds TSB. While attempting to coordinate with this new obligation, I while look on having an ace degree in business the executives. I will attempt to intrigue my boss by indicating my employment for my activity and placing in my insight according to my undertaking in other to pick up advancement in my profession as a head teller which is the primary line director. In the wake of having my lord degree in business the executives and getting the post of head teller in the bank, I will focus on a stage forward. That is, being the vault caretaker in the bank which is close to my place of extent. Lastly, because of difficult work, assurance and commitment in my activity, my chasse reaches a conclusion when I am being elevated to the branch supervisor of the bank. This means sounds simple recorded as a hard copy or in word however, it isn't what it is by all accounts. Truly they are obstruction that I will meet on my w ay to the top and not overlooking that the fantasy isn't just mine so they will be rivalry in transit as well. Glancing in to the post of client assistance. Subsequent to having my HND in banking and account at 21 years old, I will focus on a temporary position in the bank. This ought to be under the division of client support in a bank. The perspective of a general financial procedure, client support assumes a significant job in a banks pay and income. The elements of this office fundamentally incorporate managing returns, trades and objections. Fundamentally, our objective isn't just to enable the clients to manage their issues, yet in addition offer them an assistance that surpasses their desires. A few key focuses are recorded as follows: 1. Realize your item Know what administration we are offering to clients totally. Ensure you can respond to each inquiry the client posed accurately and clarify each procedure in our administration programs. 2. Non-verbal communication Most of the correspondence that we show to others is done through non-verbal communication. Make a point to look at your clients without flinching while they are talking. It shows that we are tuning in to them. Likewise, talk with a grin is rarely awful. 3. Envision What Customers Needs It can cause client to have a sentiment of We care about them wherever then improve their trust about our administration. A client care experience can change my view of the clients: what do they need? What do they need? How might we help them? The most significant is the manner by which to do a compelling correspondence with clients. It is the purported substitution aptitude. In view of this is my first occupation, I can likewise figure out how to manage everything well with one another: the individuals who oversee me, the individuals who I deal with, my partners, particularly my clients. With these new abilities I will look on to the following stage, which is to facilitate my instruction and vocation by increasing a four year college education in business the executives and attempting to make sure about the post as a clerk in a bank which has a promising profession development like Lloyds TSB. Pushing ahead, what is a clerk? A clerk is an individual who gets cash or card installment from the clients for the products bought. Any place any acquisition of products or administrations engaged with each establishment least of one clerk is utilized. The quantity of clerk utilized can be changed because of the scope of work and the size of organization. The more a smooth exchange between a client and provider a clerk bargains the more master he is. His obligations isn't simply restricted to the assortment cash, they may shift contingent on the sort of business. Bank clerks are the bleeding edge officials for the enquiries of clients entering a bank office. So I will be answerable for the up close and personal association with the clients typically utilizing tweaked PC frameworks to process exchanges and manage account enquiries. I am additionally qualified for embrace a considerable lot of the everyday daily practice and organization errands. As I will be a new official or regularly be called new contestant may begin my activity as a representative helping the seniors in administrative work and organization in the back room of the bank to advance the bank clerk on the front work area managing clients records and enquiries. Senior bank clerk may administer branch partners, helping the clients in finishing advance and home loan applications, approving advances or working in the remote trade area. This meeting will come to me at whatever point I will have the option to elevate myself from junior to senior. In the cutting edge serious monetary administrations arrangement banks are working a tremendous scope of job. Bank clerks are required to market and offer money related items and administrations to clients. Clerks should obtain an exhaustive information on items and administrations offered by the bank. To advance myself in the situation of a bank clerk the past encounters and information required will originate from the client care official as I will have been serving for a half year in a similar financial field. To be a bank clerk the accompanying aptitudes and characteristics I should have: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Communicative aptitudes with a wide scope of individuals à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Play a job as a piece of a group. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ be straightforward and solid à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ The capacity to focus on precision and detail intricate details à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Increased degree of trust in selling and advertising items to clients à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Knowledge in PC. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Be mindful of secrecy issues for example I should not unveil within data of the bank. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Provide a high caliber and client driven help. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Provide customized, inviting and proficient cashiering support and furthermore have enticement treating the clients decently at the core of their qualities. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Have a craving in going about as the main purpose of contact for clients so as to distinguish and address their necessities and help the bank in the accomplishment of its arrangement. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ To prevail in the job, I am probably going to appreciate identifying with others while following a daily schedule and clinging to systems. The everyday fundamental obligations and assignments as a bank clerk that I will perform are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Collect and check the working money toward the beginning of the day from Branch Manager and counter. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Check store slip with precision before getting the stores as money or checks. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Verify the client signature on the checks and record subtleties and afterward procedure to the money withdrawals. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Prepare voyagers check, clerks check and individual cash request. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Explain the outside cash guidelines and charges before completing remote money trades. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Receive and check the installments of credits, contracts or any service bills. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Record the exchanges precisely, instantly and in a normalized position. Likewise issue exchange receipts to the clients. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Process the exchanges like term stores, retirement investment funds plan commitments, mechanized teller exchanges, night stores and mail stores. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Respond to the enquiries of the clients about their records. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Attempt to determine issues in the clients account. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Explain and advance banks items or administrations like voyagers checks, reserve funds security, cash requests and clerks checks to existing clients. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Organize the cash got in the money box and coin allocator according to the sections. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Compute the budgetary expenses, intrigue or administration charges appropriate to the clients account. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ At the day's end or move, I should adjust the money, money and checks in the money cabinet. I

How to Make Friends as an Adult

How to Make Friends as an Adult Relationships Print How to Make Friends as an Adult By Sherri Gordon facebook twitter Sherri Gordon is a published author and a bullying prevention expert. Learn about our editorial policy Sherri Gordon Updated on September 03, 2019 iStockphoto More in Relationships Spouses & Partners LGBTQ Violence and Abuse In This Article Table of Contents Expand Have the Right Mindset Where To Find Friends Maintaining Friendships View All Back To Top Remember how easy it was to make friends in elementary school? Most of the time your best friends ended up being the kids in your class or in your neighborhood. Or maybe you were best friends with kids whose parents were friends with yours. As a child, making friends wasnt as complicated as it feels today. Not only were you less worried about being rejected; you also werent as picky about who you were hanging out with. But things have changed now that you are a grown-up. Aside from the fear of rejection, making new friends takes a lot of timeâ€"something we all are a little short on these days. So instead, you lament the fact that your circle of friends is shrinking. And, you are not alone. Research shows that after the age of 25, most adult friendships start to dwindle. Some of this has to do with changing jobs, getting married, moving to another state, and even having children. But having solid friendships as an adult is important. For instance, one study found that regardless of your marital status, people who reported having 10 or more friends at age 45 had significantly higher levels of well-being at age 50 than those with fewer friends. Whats more, another study found that friendship quality often predicts health more so than the quality of any other relationship. In fact, people with larger social circles had a 50% lower mortality risk than those who didnt. As a result, if your social circles have started to dwindle, heres what you can do to start adding more friends to your inner circle. Have the Right Mindset When it comes to making friends as an adult, you have to have the right mindset. For instance, you cannot go into the process thinking that you are never going to make friends. Because your perception will become your reality. Instead, follow these tips and you will be well on your way to making some lasting friendships. Focus on Being Open In other words, dont overthink the process of making friends. Instead of worrying about being rejected, or dwelling on the fact that you might not be fun enough, channel your inner elementary school self. Likewise, dont assume that all your future friends have to be the same gender as you. Platonic male-female relationships are absolutely possible. Be open and inviting and see what happens. Make a List of Potential Friends Almost every person has one or two people in their life that they would like to get to know better. As a result, make a list of people you might like to hang out with sometime. Remember, making friends takes work and someone needs to take the initiative. After you have your list, consider extending an invitation for coffee and see what happens. Put It On the Calendar Lets face it, everyone is busy. And despite your best intentions, if you dont schedule it, you likely wont do anything about making more friends. As a result, decide when you are going to ask that friend from the office to join you for appetizers after work. Set aside time to call the woman from your book club that you really connect with. The key is to schedule these initial contacts because if you dont, you will just keep putting it off. Accept Invites Yes, you are tired, busy, and over-scheduled. But, if someone invites you to do something, try to make it happen! If you have social anxiety, do your best to remember that this person invited you to a get together because they like you and want to get to know you better. Of course, if you cannot afford something or you are sick, then definitely decline the invite. But, make an effort to do something else together instead. Accepting invitations, even if you dont know the person very well, is a great opportunity to open doors and expand your friendship opportunities. Try New Things When you are looking to make friends, its important to expand your horizons and try new things. You never know, you might just enjoy these new adventures. Plus, it will open up the possibility of making friends in new and interesting places. Take an art class or a dance class, you might not be the only one stepping out of their comfort zone and that in and of itself can be something to bond over. Know Where to Find Potential Friends Part of the challenge of making new friends is knowing where to look. Too many times, people assume that there are just no potential friends out there. But the problem is not the lack of opportunities for friendships, but the inability to put forth the effort to find them. Leverage Your Social Media Accounts The purpose of social media is to connect people. Whether they live far away or you havent seen them since high school, your social media accounts are ripe with opportunities to make friends. Of course, you are technically already friends, with them online, but if you see a friend post about something you are interested in, reach out and make a connection. You also can use social media to organize get-togethers. For instance, if you want to have a poker night at your house, post something on your social media account to see who might be interested. How to Create Truly Supportive Friendships for Stress Relief Reach out to Neighbors Some of the best friends people have are their neighbors. Yet, many people dont recognize the potential friend who lives right next door. They simply give the courtesy wave across the street and then close their door. But there may be some really great friendships waiting to be made just down the street from where you live. So, the next time you are both out, do more than just wave. Connect With Co-Workers You spend a large portion of your life with the people you work with. And despite the fact that you are in a professional setting, you likely know a great deal about one another. If this is the case for you, consider inviting one of your co-workers to do something non-work related. For instance, suggest you attend a baseball game together or grab dinner after work. Or, if you share a passion for something like yoga or cooking, suggest you do it together. Join a Gym It seems kind of cliche to suggest meeting people at the gym. But people do it all the time. The next time you are in Zumba class or youre walking on the treadmill, strike up a casual conversation with the person next to you. Then, chat and say hello each time you see each other at the gym. Who knows? You might have the beginnings of a great friendship in the making. Attend a Meet-Up or Networking Event Whether you work from home or go into an office every day, meet-ups and other networking events are a great way to meet new peopleâ€"and potential friends. Not only are these events filled with people looking to connect with other professionals, but they also are great places to meet people who share the same passions. You can learn about these types of get-togethers through apps like Meet Up and Eventbrite. Join a Book Club If you love to read, joining a local book club is a great way to meet potential new friends. Whats more, you will get to know each other on a much deeper level when you are discussing a book. Even if you dont meet your future best friend in your book club, at the very least you will have a group of people that you can mingle with every month. Participate in a Sports League If you like sports, consider joining an adult recreational league. Basketball, volleyball, tennis, golf, and softball are all great choices. Not only will you be doing something you enjoy and getting in some exercise, but sports teams usually go out for drinks or pizza afterward, which is a great way to get to know someone. Attend Church Whether you are active in a church or havent been to one in years, churches, mosques, and synagogues are a great way to meet people who share your faith. Plus, there are usually a lot of opportunities for involvement. Whether it is a Bible study, volunteer opportunities, or a weekly potluck, churches are a great place to meet new people and make friends. Volunteer at Your Kids School While volunteering is a great way to stay involved in your kids lives, it also is a wonderful opportunity to meet new people with kids around the age of yours. And, if you are both volunteering, chances are high that you value the same things. So, look for opportunities to volunteer at the school. For instance, you could chaperone a dance or work in the school store alongside some other parents. And, who knows? By the end of the night you might just exchange numbers so that you can get together for coffee. Maintain the Friendships You Make After you have established a few connections, its important to stay in contact. Friendships are like plants. If you dont water them regularly, they will die. Consequently, make sure you are regularly reaching out to your new friends. Call or text consistently just to see how they are doing. Ask about their life. Show an interest in the things that are important to them. A good friend doesnt make the friendship all about their needs; but also takes an active interest in the other person. The Top 4 Reasons Friends Are Important

Slavery During The Civil Rights Movement Essay - 1649 Words

Michael Anderson Steven Watson HIST 2111/16 Date How Slavery led to Mass Incarceration and the â€Å"#BlackLivesMatter† Movement When slavery was created because some people felt that blacks were less than human and not worthy of rights that were given to indentured European citizens it started a way of thinking that some still feel today. This way of thinking has been taught to both sides of this ongoing battle even showing up in the Presidential election with the words of Donald Trump on February 22 in Las Vegas, NV. Oh, I love the old days, you know? You know what I hate? There s a guy, totally disruptive, throwing punches, we re not allowed to punch back anymore. I love the old days. You know what they used to do to guys like that when they were in a place like this? They d be carried out on a stretcher, folks (Deaton, Chris).† These words made me think of a time before the Civil rights movement to treatment that blacks had to go through in the past, showing that people think the ways of the good old days are the right way to do things. In 1619 when the Dutch ship the ‘White Lion’ landed in Jamestown Virginia carrying ten African slaves there was a change in the world that is still felt today. The beginning of slavery wasn’t what they had planned those first slaves thought that they were to receive the same rights as indentured slaves until the productivity of the farming industry in the new world. The only difference was that the indentured slaves were EuropeanShow MoreRelatedAfrican Americans During The Civil War844 Words   |  4 Pagessome part in the evolution of the black race. 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The Jewish people suffered a great deal from the Holocaust, according to, the Detroit News, â€Å"Germany has agreedRead MoreWhat I Have Learned in American Government Roots and Reform1474 Words   |  6 PagesRafael Valdez Mr. Kearney History 1302 11/14/12 The Civil Rights Movements In May 17, 1954 The Supreme Court rules on the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kans., unanimously agreeing that segregation in public schools is unconstitutional. The ruling paves the way for large-scale desegregation. The decision overturns the 1896 Plessey v. Ferguson ruling that sanctioned separate but equal segregation of the races, ruling that separateRead MoreThe Abolitionist Movement and The Civil Rights Movement Essay615 Words   |  3 Pagesthe history of the United States there have been many reform movements that have molded the culture we live in today. The rights that we as Americans enjoy today can be credited to the people who fought for more rights and a better way of life. Two reform movements that have changed America for the better are the Abolitionist Movement and the Civil Rights Movement. Around the 1820’s the feeling of legal slavery was changing in the United States. The south depended on slaves

The Building Research Establishment ( Bre ) Innovation Park

Introduction The Building Research Establishment (BRE) innovation park, which has been started in 2005, is located in Gaston in the UK (Yao and Short, 2013). It provides a space for the demonstration of sustainable buildings, landscape designs and hundreds of innovative low carbon materials and technologies (BRE, 2012a). The goal of these buildings is to achieving a low impact on the environment, but a high quality of life and reducing the CO2 emission (ibid.). One home on the BRE park named Sigma Home (Fig.1) is the first home in the UK designed to Code 5 for Sustainable Homes(BRE, 2012). This house was built by the Stewart Milne Group in 2007, then refurbished by Rexel Energy Solutions and the Stewart Milne Group in 2011(ibid.). The†¦show more content†¦This type of building can be built 45 units per hectare associated with car parking which archives land efficiency (Gaze and Clift, 2008). 53% glass of the building is located on the front and rear walls, in order to provide daylight fo r the various floors (ibid.). The open stair design also maximizes daylight (Gaze and Clift, 2008). The ground floor from the upper floors are separate to create an independent apartment or a home office (ibid.). The design of the building enable occupants to live in an informal lifestyle (Gaze and Clift, 2008). However, the high density of land use means that the size of room is limited. This may influence the credit of Health 4 level (Fig. 2). Moreover, this five-floor building has no lift in it, that means disable people may have difficulty with it. The fabric of the Sigma Home is selected to achieve high energy efficiency in the building, and reduce the energy demand. It is build under a modular basic system using pre-fabricated piles and beams, highly insulated closed panel timber frame walls as well as pre-fabricated timber floor and roof system (BRE,2012b). The key outcomes from this pre-fabricated build system, relating to fabric performance, is on the following aspects: good at sound insulation, good at thermal insulation (BRE,2012c). Furthermore, when compared with the traditional construction systems, this pre-fabricated building system has a benefits of a higher speed (Gaze and Clift, 2008). The Sigma Home has been

How Language Develops in Children Free Essays

For every parent, language development in their children is a fundamental aspect that must be given importance as many parents are concerned about the progress of their children when it comes to learning to speak and to understanding words and their meanings. The child’s communication skills are further developed through the interactions they have with other people. That’s why parents must continually provide the interaction needed so that their children’s progress is continuous and steady. We will write a custom essay sample on How Language Develops in Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now Language development is defined as the process in which young children understand and communicate language during early childhood. Rafanello says that it is acquired more quickly in the first five years of a baby’s life (1). The amazing thing is that even before the baby is born, he can differentiate native language and other languages. This is because when they are still inside the womb, they hear and respond to familiar voices, especially the mother’s. An infant’s brain goes through changes after birth. Trillions of pathways develop between brain cells, and these pathways will allow the baby to learn and think, and then talk, and whatever stimulation a baby has during the early years of his life will mold and strengthen these brain pathways. Caregivers of these babies, especially the parents, need not worry because there are so many opportunities for a child’s language skills to be further enhanced. Rafanello added that the experiences of an infant with language in interaction with parents and other people around him will impact his overall development (1). A baby communicates through facial expressions, coos, gestures and verbal cries. In the article â€Å"Language Development in Children,† it says that even before a child can speak, he can understand words. It also adds that the language spoken to a baby from birth will enable him to comprehend the words and later on speak them. Language development in babies starts through gestures and facial expressions. Through these, a baby can express his comfort or discomfort, unpleasantness and even satisfaction. There will be words that will have emotional significance on a baby, and these are usually the words that he will pay attention to. A study showed that as early as twenty-four weeks, an infant can differentiate between â€Å"bah† and â€Å"gah.† Another study showed that a month old infant can â€Å"associate sucking behavior to the sounds of â€Å"b† and â€Å"p.† Later on in his life, he will learn to â€Å"babble† and form his own language (â€Å"Language Development in Children†). It is of importance that parents talk to their children, as this stimulation with the language environment has value. It is said that a baby learns to connect words with his emotional experiences and this will provide him the motivation to talk, or to express his feelings through â€Å"babbling.† As the baby grows, he will attempt to create sounds in trying to communicate with the people around him. A study cited in the â€Å"Language Development in Children† showed that when a person pronounces words very clearly to an infant, it will help the infant to understand. This is a very important measure of a baby’s language development so that he can comprehend words and their meanings. A baby will also learn that his babbling will gain the attention of those who are around him. Listening is an important step before a child can learn. When a baby listens to a lot of things, he can develop and expand his vocabulary and improve his IQ. This is also the result of a study of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). Aside from the larger vocabulary, a baby’s language skills are more complex when they are raised in high-quality child care environment (Rafanello 1). Moreover, â€Å"live† language can tremendously improve the language skills of child. To be able for children to comprehend language, they must hear it in association with what happens around them. Through this, language does not become merely noise. Another important thing for a parent to remember is talking directly to the baby even before he can talk back. This facilitates understanding of a word or words that are spoken many times. The best and natural way for a baby to learn the meanings of words is talk to him in relation to what is happening. Actions and descriptions of objects or thoughts will also help the baby to associate words with them. A study by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) showed that a positive interaction is connected with language development. Furthermore, a child can learn better through language-based interactions with his parents or the people around him. At times, a baby repeats a word many times, such as â€Å"bah† in reference to the same object. When he grows, he learns to speak other sounds. For instance, a baby can make sounds when he is in his crib. When his mother approaches and talks to him, the baby’s sounds become frequent. This is a very significant step as it opens another opportunity for the speech development of a child. If a baby is stimulated, he will use his vocal cords many times. This also makes way for increased social stimulation from other people to him. The following presents the language development of children at certain ages. Even before birth, language development takes place, especially when a mother constantly talks to her unborn child. According to Alic, infants become familiar with the human voice. She adds that infants pay more attention to a human face, more importantly when it is talking. At infancy, babies either quiets down or smiles when they are spoken to. Turning towards familiar sounds and voices are also characteristic of infants. Moreover, they communicate through chuckling, gurgling, whimpering and cooing. They can also produce sounds such as â€Å"ohh† and â€Å"ah.† They also communicate and express their needs through crying. Between three and six months, an infant can show responses to changes in a tone of voice. He also learns how to vocalize his pleasure or displeasure. Moreover, he laughs, sighs, squeals, blows bubbles, babbles and sputters loudly to get the attention of people around him. He also learns t use gestures to communicate his desires. Additionally, he can cry differently if he is in pain or hungry. An infant this age can also shape his mouth to change sounds. His new collection of vocabulary includes sounds such as â€Å"b†, â€Å"m† and â€Å"p† (Alic). Six to twelve months of age marks the most critical period for receptive language development. Receptive language development is the infant’s ability to comprehend language. During this age, an infant responds to their names. He also learns how to listen keenly to speech and other sounds. He expresses his moods through body language and sound. He can also play with sounds. Aside from these, he can respond to friendly or angry tones and can repeat syllables. He also communicates through imitation of intonation or speech sounds. At this age, he uses his tongue to change sounds and babbles with as many as 12 sounds in a singsong pattern. He can also make long sounds (Alic). In his seventh month, an infant can vocalize syllables such as â€Å"Dada† or â€Å"Mama† (Child Development Institute). Rafanello added that at this stage, an infant’s babble has long and short group of sounds such as â€Å"tata upup bibibibi.† His vocabulary now includes one or two new words such as â€Å"bye-bye,† â€Å"dada,† â€Å"mama,†, â€Å"no,† or â€Å"uh-oh† (6). An infant between nine and 12 months can listen when he is spoken to. Moreover, he can give responses to simple requests. He also recognizes the names of his family members and even the names of common objects. He also understands the word â€Å"no.† He repeats sounds, exercises intonation, uses the words â€Å"dada† and â€Å"mama† for any person, connects voices and names with people, makes use of sounds other than crying for their needs or to get attention, shouts and screams, knows their own names, understands gestures babbles two to three syllable repeated sounds. By 12 and 18 months of age, a toddler can now use partial words, recognize names, laugh appropriately, use words that start with â€Å"b,† â€Å"c,† â€Å"d,† and â€Å"g,† make gestures and say â€Å"no,† understand and follow directions, and ask for help using sounds and gestures. He can also use complete words and understand certain words, such as â€Å"up,† â€Å"down† and â€Å"hot.† Moreover, a toddler this age learns to form sentences by putting two short words together. This age also marks the toddler’s understanding of words associated for everything; their language development is steady. Alic says that the majority of a toddler’s first words are universal. They consist of names of foods or family members. By the age of 18 to 24 months, a toddler has a collection of 20 to 50 intelligible words. He can now say more words each month and put two words together such as â€Å"more cookie† (Rafanello 6). His vocabulary also consists of nouns. He can follow simple commands and use two pronouns correctly. The pronouns I, me and you are commonly used. He also follows command such as â€Å"show me your eyes.† A two- to three-year old toddler is able to use short sentences to ask for things, and he has a word for almost everything. Those around him can understand his speech (Rafanello 6). His vocabulary now consists of 400 words, which include names. As early as this age, the toddler can repeat the stories, songs or rhymes he hears. He can also describe his experiences through three- to five-word sentences. By three to four years of age, a child can talk through sentences that have four or more words. If a child attends preschool, he can talk about the activities he does there. He can also converse with others and ask questions. At this age, he can use pronouns correctly. His collection of vocabulary is much bigger, usually consisting of 900 to 1,000 words (Alic). At this age, a parent is suggested to communicate with his child through self-talk, which is another way of enhancing language development. The parent can start by telling his child â€Å"I am picking up your toys.† When a child is aged four or five, his language skills further develops. According to Rafanello, a child this age exhibits ease in communicating with adults and children. However, he may have difficulty with certain sounds, such as j, l, ch, r, s, sh, th, v, z. He has the ability to speak with lots of details (6). He can now describe things and has a better grasp of number and time concepts. Moreover, he knows things about himself, such as his age. His understanding of number concept includes counting from one to ten. Language development can be further developed through continuous interaction with the people around the child. Language development can also be enriched when a child is exposed to an environment rich in language and language-based interaction. If a parent regularly reads and talks to his child, it can have an impact in the child’s ability to communicate with others. However, a parent must remember that the ability of children to learn is not the same for everyone. While one child may show quick progress, such as forming a sentence, another may have problems dealing with speech or language delay. There are times when a child exhibits mild or temporary delays. These delays can affect about six percent of children. There are factors which can affect the delays. A child may be experiencing genetic disorders, hearing impairment or development disorders. The good thing is if these disorders are detected earlier, they can be treated or prevented in their early stages. Although children show different rates when it comes to language development, it is best not to compare a child’s language development with another. Parents must make sure that the language development of their children is steady, and not just fast or slow. They must also provide an environment where their children have a room to learn things. Aside from this, parents must assist their children’s development in any way possible. Works cited Alic, Margaret. â€Å"Language Development.† 2007. About.com. 9 December 2007 . â€Å"Language Development in Children.† Child Development Institute. 9 December 2007 http://www.childdevelopmentinfo.com/development/language_development.shtml. Rafanello, Donna. â€Å"Facilitating Language Development.† Healthy Child Care America, Summer 2000: 1-6.       How to cite How Language Develops in Children, Essay examples

Legal Aspects of Health Information free essay sample

In addition, third parties are also allow to have access to patient-specific information if there is an appropriate request (McKay, 2010). This is according to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HAIFA) and the state laws and regulation that pertains the release of the protected health information. The HAIFA privacy rule sets limits that are explicit for the persons that are in a position to access the retorted heath information for patients without the consent of the patients (McKay, 2010).According to HIPPO privacy law, third parties, who may be strangers to patient, also have a right to access the patient health information if they have a valid authorization to release the record. Examples of third parties that will need authorization to access patient information are patients employer, attorney, insurance company, or even a member of the patients family (unless the member has been appointed as a durable power of attorney for health care). We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Aspects of Health Information or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In some cases, third party may be able to access the patient information even without the authorization. Examples are accredited and licensed agencies and a court may grant access to patient records in a lawsuit upon a finding of good cause (McKay, 2010). The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agent is an individual who is responsible for the investigative purpose and in the agency of internal intelligence where he or she investigates crimes in the United States (FBI About Us, n. D. ). Therefore, an FBI agent tit a search warrant is an authorized user who has consent for the release of protected health care information since he is a person who is in the law enforcement agency.Law enforcement is usually entitled to the health records once it has been asserted that they are looking for the health records of a suspect or a victim of a crime. As the head of the health information management department, I would allow the FBI agent to have access to the health information and records of the General hospital for purposes of investigation. As for the patient, it is unnecessary to notify them that their health care records has been disclosed to a government agency.According to McKay (2010), individuals are not given the opportunity of knowing that their health records were needed by the law enforcement officer. This is because the individuals concerned will get a chance to challenge the infringement of the privacy concerns of their health records. The Patriot Act requires that the health care providers and the ones responsible for the health information management to deter room telling any other person that a Federal Bureau of Investigation has sought or obtained the health records.

The Psychology of Serial Killers

The Psychology of Serial Killers I didn`t want to hurt them, I only wanted to kill them. This is a quote from David Berkowitz, A.K.A., the Son of Sam. David Berkowitz and all of the other serial killers tend to think in unique ways. This paper will talk to you about characteristics, motives, different phases, and the correlation between behavior and aggression. Serial killers like everyone else have certain characteristics that set them apart. To be considered a bonafied serial killer you must murder at least three to four people with a cooling off period between each murder. These killings are usually one on one and are repetitive, occurring with greater or lesser frequency over time (Characteristics of Serial Murder). Serial killers usually don`t have a connection with the victim and they very rarely if ever have a rational motive. The serial killer likes to murder people in the same pattern, usually with a high degree of overkill.English: Photo of Enriqueta Marti (Sant Feliu de L...This degree of overkill sets th em a part from different serial killers.Serial murderers also have different motives for their murders. One of the most obvious is that they turn to murdering for a sense of power (Forwood). For this sense of power they usually attack societies weakest members and those weaker than themselves (Forwood). This includes the homeless, impaired, and usually the young of both sexes. When they kill the homeless and impaired they are usually acting on the Missionary Motive. This is when they feel that it is their responsibility to rid society of its unwanted inhabitants. There are also Visionary killers which are usually instructed to kill by the voices that are in their head (schizophrenia). The last type of these motives is the Hedonist. They kill because it brings them the pleasure to do so. This group is separated into three...

How to Nurture the Markets You Know

How to Nurture the Markets You Know Recently, I hung out on an online writers workshop group, and the talk traveled to diversification. My fellow  Ã‚  writers tried to convince me, yet again, to write for businesses and corporations. This didnt sound totally right to me. Wasnt magazine publishing a business, too? I said that, for now, I would stick to articles. The moderator, an internationally praised freelance journalist, praised my fortitude. In the end, I guessed, it was about sticking to what you know, what made you comfortable. Over the last year, I realized that sticking to good markets, like staying faithful to a good spouse, could save your life in the end. I learned to nurture the markets I knew. Like most people, I hated selling myself to strangers. Strange magazine editors, with their cold inboxes and expectations of knock-your-sock-off queries, were no exception. This realization had improved my relationships with editors. Now I feel more confident that Ill get off welfare and succeed, again, as a full-time writer. I have hope again in the â€Å"meat market† freelancer situation of 2014, where A+ authors are competing like never before with the merely very good. I always considered myself a wonderful writer, but fighting for crumbs with Columbia Journalism School grads had really depressed me. In the end, I ended up being the girl who learned that she didnt have to attract the captain of the football team, or even had to work overtime to be pretty and dateable – at least in this cutthroat market. She just had to be laid-back with unglamorous but well-paying and consistent magazine markets. Finding Faithful Markets I have three rules to finding, keeping, and nurturing markets. 1. When contacting a magazine with a query or letter of introduction, I like to deal with publications that respond quickly. For first-time assignments, I dont deal with any magazine that doesnt make a decision within two weeks. The old-style, three-month rule of New York publishing doesnt apply to most magazines currently looking for freelancers. Your market should be like a date thats TRULY interested in you. 2. I also prefer magazines that are generous with assignment information. Obviously, knowing how to create a professional article is paramount. However, I hate it when an editor leaves everything to me; possible conflicts can and often do arise. I always verify length of article, deadline, slant of article, and of course payment amount. 3. After finishing an article for a publication, if they encourage me to submit more stuff, they make me especially happy, and they go to the head of my idea queue. I admit that some publications are not pro-active. They are like the shy but good guy, and sometimes, I make the first step to maintain a good relationship. However, perpetually making the first step with markets that dont respond is a waste of time. I only have a limited time for my career. For the best use of my effort, I emphasize my work with markets that respond to me quickly, consistently, and professionally. Markets Here are five trade magazines currently looking for freelancers who deliver consistently. Minority Nurse Magazine minoritynurse.com Contact: Megan Larkin mlarkin@springerpub.com Tea Coffee Trade Journal teaandcoffee.net Contact: Vanessa Facenda v.facenda@lockwoodpublications.com Vineyard Winery Management vwmmedia.com Contact: Tina Caputo tcaputo@vwmmedia.com Medical Economics http://medicaleconomics.modernmedicine.com/ Contact: Dan Verdon dverdon@advanstar.com Cleveland Business Connects (CBC) Magazine cbcmagazine.com Contact: Thomas Skernivitz tom@cbcmagazine.com Find out more about Behlor Email: thebxscribbler1980@gmail.com Website: behlorsanti.net LinkedIn: linkedin.com/pub/behlor-santi/53/32/193

Is it sometimes necessary to sacrafice a few freedoms to protect Essay

Is it sometimes necessary to sacrafice a few freedoms to protect national security and to ensure the long-term viability of civil liberty - Essay Example Internal security involves protecting the United States citizens against internal threats like organized crimes. This involves with issues which are domestic (Watson, 2008). Civil liberty is the right for the United State citizens to enjoy their rights. These rights include the right for privacy, right to speech, protection and to be treated fairly. It is the right of every citizen in the United States to enjoy their civil liberty. This paper looks at the issue of sacrificing a few freedoms to protect national security, both the internal and external security and to ensure the long term viability of civil rights. It looks at which freedom can be sacrificed and to what extent the government should affect civil rights. It also looks at the importance of making these sacrifices. The paper also looks at instances where the civil rights are violated so to emphasis on the importance of the government to ensure that it does not cross the limit. These instances include unlawful detentions and torture. National security consist of a number of elements, it consist of the social and political stability which ensures that there harmony in a state. It also consist of territorial security of a state where in protects its borders against external invasion. This also consists of economic freedom where there is a free market for investors to operate in freely. Finally, this should consist of peace with externals. This is where a state ensures that it good relations with other countries. This is to be able to protect the state’s interests in those countries. The national security ensures the safety of citizens from threats. The national security includes the internal security which protects citizens from internal threats and the external security which protects citizens. Internal threats include things to do with economic sabotage through activities like smuggling, money laundering and counterfeiting. Issue concerned with organized crimes can also be a major

Research Paper on Ethical Dilemma Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

On Ethical Dilemma - Research Paper Example , people with work experience, or exposure gained through a Master’s in Business Administration degree frequently find themselves better equipped for the exam (Sterret, 1906). This is because accountancy is the language of business, and pertains to this area of professionalism only. Accountants, once qualified, become part of associations of accountants in their country. For example, in the USA they become part of the American Institute of CPAs. In the UK, they join a different institute, namely the Institute of Chartered Accountants UK. Similarly, different institutes in different countries acknowledge the professional services provided by their accountants (Garber, 2008). Accountants report facing very challenging and rewarding careers, but at the same time, face numerous ethical dilemmas due to the sensitive nature of their work. The reason why an accountant’s work is sensitive is that they are responsible for handling the finances of other people, as well as corresponding to the higher authorities in the government. This level of responsibility binds them to follow a certain code of ethics in their line of work, as professionals. The aforementioned associations, to which these accountants belong, provide this code of ethics. In England and Wales, for instance, accountants follow the code of ethics implemented by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of England and Wales (ICAEW). This code is similar in all countries, and entails five main traits to be present in every accountant’s work. First is integrity, which requires total honesty and straightforwardness from the accountant while engaging in any business relationship. This helps maintain the reliability, of both the accountant and the firm that he or she represents. Next is objectivity, which requires that any professional actions taken by the accountant be uninfluenced from any biases or conflicts of interest. The accountant needs to remain impartial while making decisions, and unhindered by the

Conversion of Waste to Energy

Conversion of Waste to Energy This section of the report focuses on waste to energy which is one of the most popular methods used to manage municipal solid waste around the world. Through waste to energy, trash has become a useful material because we are able to convert it to heat. The combustion of trash at a waste to energy facility produce ash, heat and flue gas. From the ash, metals are recovered and recycled. The flue gas is cleaned then it is released into the atmosphere through the chimney. The heat produced is used to generate electricity that powers the plant and nearby buildings. A waste to energy plant in the community helps to increase recycling rate which is beneficial for the city. There are more advantages to waste to energy than disadvantages, therefore it is essential that the city utilizes waste to energy has a way of managing municipal solid waste. 4.1.1. Introduction The management of municipal solid waste (MSW) in New York City has changed over the past decade from ocean and street dumping, to unregulated incineration, to current and export landfilling practices (Sylvan, 2011). The NYC Department of Sanitation, which is in charge of managing NYC waste collaborates with the Department of Parks and Recreation, the Sims Multi Recycling Recovery Facility, and GreeNYC to manage the citys waste through recycling, waste reduction, and composting and organic waste diversion (Cohen et al., 2015). In 2006, to efficiently manage the citys waste, the city Council approved the Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan (SWMP) which was created under the administrator of former Mayor Bloomberg (Cohen et al., 2015). The purpose of this plan was to establish a dependable, economical, and sustainable system for managing the citys waste (Cohen et al., 2015). This plan was eventually integrated into the sustainability planning under the PlaNYC, New York Citys compr ehensive sustainability plan in 2011 (Cohen et al., 2015). Under the new plan, in 2012, Former Mayor Bloomberg announced that the city would solicit plans to build a waste to energy facility near or within New York City (Rizzo et al., 2012). Waste to energy (WTE) technology is a process where trash is converted to heat/electricity. The most common waste to energy technology use around the world is mass burn, where trash is combusted to produce energy (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). However, the plan to build a WTE facility was eventually archived due to misconceptions surrounding WTE (Rizzo et al., 2012). 4.1.1.1 Background on the Problem Incinerators are not new to New York City. In the 20th century, there were thirty-two municipal and 17,000 apartment house refuse incinerator in the city (Walsh et al., 2001). In 1935, New York City was forced to stop ocean dumping, which was the waste disposal method for the city at that time, after a federal lawsuit was filed by New Jersey coastal cities (Cohen et al., 2015). This led the city to rely on incinerators and landfill to dispose of its waste (Cohen et al., 2015). However, in 1952, citys officials reported that apartment house refuse incinerators were responsible for 30% of the citys air pollution (Walsh, 2002). The report on air pollution caused by incinerators in the 1950s led to the limits on incinerator usage based on environmental grounds (Walsh, 2002). In 1970, after the Federal Clean Air act was enacted, the city was forced to shut down incinerators plant that did not meet the emissions guidelines (WastedNYC, 2015). The emission guidelines led to the closure of th e citys four oldest municipal incinerators by 1971, and by mid- 1970s thousands of residential incinerators were closed down (Walsh, 2002). In 1989, City Council committee passes a bill to ban incinerators in the city in the next four years (WastedNYC, 2015; Dunlap, 1989). This bill led to the decline of both residential and municipal incinerators, and by 1994 there were no more incinerator plants in New York City (Walsh, 2002; Rizzo et al., 2012). 4.1.1.2. Purpose of the Paper The burning of garbage and WTE are related because they both involve the combustion of trash. However, WTE is not just about burning trash but it is used to produce energy. The purpose of this paper is to outline how WTE plants work as well as the benefit the city stands to gain if it builds its own WTE facility. The city currently sends approximately 10% of its MSW to WTE plants in Hempstead, Long Island and Essex County, New Jersey (Cohen 2015, Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). If the city were to build its owns plant, it would save money from not spending on the transportation of waste and the use of other states landfills or WTE facilities. WTE has the ability to improve New York Citys current waste disposal practices (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). 4.1.2. Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Process 4.1.2.1. How Incineration Works Figure 4.1.1: Schematic Diagram of the MSW incineration process (Lam et al., 2010). The incineration process of MSW is separated into three main parts: combustion, energy recovery and air pollution control (Lam et al., 2010). The crane in the machine (upper left, Fig.4.1.1) is used to feed solid waste into the furnace of the machine continually for combustion (Lam et al., 2010). The combustion of the waste in the furnace is enhanced by following the three Ts guideline, which are temperature, turbulence and time (Lam et al., 2010). High temperature increases burnout of the waste, while increasing turbulence reveals more waste surface and also increases burnout. (Lam et al., 2010). A longer resident time for the flue gas and waste also increases burnout (Lam et al., 2010). The temperature for incineration should be at least 850 oC with a residence time of 2 minutes (Lam et al., 2010). Air supply must be sufficient during the process to ensure complete combustion of waste and to inhibit the formation of carbon monoxide and dioxins (Lam et al., 2010). For the energy recovery process of the system, heat is generated from the waste and it is used to produce steam in the boiler (Lam et al., 2010). The steam is then used to drives the turbine to generate electricity (Lam et al., 2010). Air pollution was a major problem for old incinerators in the 20th century. However, modern incinerators are equipped with advanced pollution control systems which are designed to reduce pollution and ensure that the system is in compliance with environmental standards (Lam et al., 2010). To neutralize acidic gases such as hydrogen chloride and sulfur oxides, fine atomized slurry or lime powder is spray into the hot exhaust gas using a dry/wet scrubber (Lam et al., 2010). Also in the system, an activated carbon column is used to adsorb the heavy metals and organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the exhaust gas (Lam et al., 2010). The bag filter install in the system acts to filter and remove dust particles and fine particulates from the combustion (Lam et al., 2016). 4.1.2.2. The Product of Incineration of Waste After the combustion of the waste three products are produced, the products are flue gas, heat and ash (Lam et al., 2016). 4.1.2.2.1. Flue gas The flue gas produced from the combustion contains air pollutant (Zaman, 2010) (See table 4.1.3). Therefore, before the flue gas is release through the chimney, the filtering system makes sure the gas is clean to be released into the atmosphere (Zaman, 2010). 4.1.2.2.2. Heat The heat produced is used to generate electricity. The facilities use the electricity generated to operate the plant and sell the excess energy (Chambers, 2016; Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). At most facilities, for every ton of waste combusted, 550 to 650 Kilowatt/hour (KWh) of electricity is generated for sale (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). This is the way that WTE facilities are able to earn more income for the plant (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). 4.1.2.2.3. Ash There are two types of ash produced from the combustion, bottom ash (BA) and fly ash (FA) (Lam et al., 2016). The ash is 90 percent smaller than the original volume of the waste combusted (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). From the ash, WTE facilities are able to extract recyclable ferrous and non-ferrous metals (Chambers, 2016; Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). Then the ashes are landfilled (Chambers, 2016). Before the ashes are landfilled, the facilities test the ashes to make sure that the ashes are not hazardous to the environment (Chambers, 2016). However, in some Asian and European countries that uses WTE, the ashes are not landfilled but rather utilized for other purposes such as cement and concrete production, road pavement, glass ceramics and ceramic production, adsorbent for dyes and agriculture (Lam et al., 2010; Pà ©rez-Villarejo et al., 2012). Application of MSW ashes Type Application Composition % Country BA Aggregate in concrete up to 50% France BA Aggregate in concrete replace up to 15% of cement Slovenia BA Road base Spain BA Adsorbent for dyes India BA Concrete Italy Mixed Ash Cement clinker up to 50% Portugal Mixed Ash Cement clinker 44% Japan Mixed Ash Cement clinker 15% Taiwan Mixed Ash Aggregate in concrete Spain FA Concrete 50% France FA Eco cement 50% Japan FA Ceramic tile China FA Glass ceramic Korea FA Blended cement up to 45% UK Table 4.1.1: The uses of MSW Ash in different countries. The BA represents Bottom Ash, the FA represents Fly Ash and the Mixed Ash represents the mixture of both BA and FA (Modified after Lam et al., 2010). Table 4.1.2: Research projects on MSW ash as road construction materials in the U.S. BA represents Bottom Ash and combined ash represents both Bottom Ash and Fly Ash (Modified after An et al., 2014). WTE facilities in the United States(U.S.) such as Covanta have been lobbying to recycle the ash instead of landfilling it, but these attempts have been unsuccessful so far (Chambers, 2016). The facilities have been lobbying for both federal and state regulation that would allow the usage of ash in the country (Chambers, 2016). Several studies conducted in the U.S. has proved that ash can be used in the U.S. as part of road construction (An et al., 2014) (see table 4.1.2). Despite the research showing that ash is usable in the U.S. no regulation has been passed to allow the usage of ash (An et al., 2014). Recycling of ash would be beneficiary because it would help eliminate landfills. Therefore, it is essential that these facilities continue to lobby for the recycling of ash. 4.1.3. Misconception about Waste to Energy Opposition to waste to energy plant in the city is rooted in two misconceptions (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). One of the misconceptions is that a waste to energy plant would displace recycling programs in the city (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). This has been proven to be false based on places that use waste to energy as part of their waste management program (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). High reliance on WTE is in fact correlated with high recycling rate (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). For example, in Austria where WTE facilities are used, 70 percent of its MSW is either recycled or composed while the remaining 30 percent is sent to WTE plants (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). Meanwhile, in the U.S., studies have shown that states that do not rely heavily on WTE to manage their waste have a recycling rate below 20 percent while states that rely heavily on WTE has recycling rates above 20 percent. (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). For example, Connecticut, which is one of the leading states in reliance on WTE, sends 63 percent of its waste to WTE plants and recycle d 26 percent of its waste (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). As of 2015, the recycling rate for the city was 16%, which is lower than the recycling rate for Connecticut (Szendro, 2015). This demonstrates that having a WTE plant in the city would not displace recycling but rather help us recycle better. The other misconception about WTE is that it causes air pollution which would affect the health of the resident that would who live around the plant (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). In the 20th century there was a problem with incineration due to the fact that it causes air pollution. However, modern incinerators are equipped with systems that reduce the amount of pollutants released from the plant (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). Also tight rule and regulations have led to the reduction of pollutant from WTE plants (Chambers, 2016). Under the federal Clean Air Act, WTE facilities must abide by the Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) rules, which apply to eight different air pollutants (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). Every five years, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) updates the MACT, which result in the update of pollution control in WTE facilities to meet the new EPA limits (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). In 2012, the New York Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) examined eight air pollutants at the states municipal waste combustion plants and found that most pollutant had declined by 30 to 60 percent from 1996 to 2010 (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). *Toxic equivalent (sum of substance amounts multiplied by toxicity equivalency). Table 4.1.3. Emission from US WTE facilities Pre- versus Post MACT (Modified after EPA, 2016). Table 4.1.4. Average emission of 87 US WTE facilities (Lumber et al., 2006 as citied in Psomopoulos et al., 2009). WTE facilities in the US emit pollutants that are below that of the EPA Standard (Chambers, 2016, Psomopoulos et al., 2009) (see table 4.1.4). Numerous studies have shown that modern combustion plants pose no significant health risks (Citizen Budget commission., 2012). For example, a study in Germany, found near new WTE facilities the dioxin levels are only 1 to 2 percent of the level considered harmful to human health (Citizen Budget Commission., 2012). Another example, in Montgomery County WTE facility a health risk assessment found that even in the worst case scenario a nearby farmer has a one in three million chance of increase health risk from exposure to the facility(Budget Citizen Commission., 2012). This shows that WTE plants have no effect on human health and the idea that WTE plants in the city would affect the health of New Yorkers is false. 4.1.4. Benefit of Waste to Energy 4.1.4.1. Energy production and reduction in Greenhouse gases At WTE plants, combustion of 1 metric ton of MSW generates approximately 600 kWh of electricity thus preventing the mining of 0.25 ton of U.S. coal or importing one barrel of oil for electricity (Psomopolous et al., 2009). This lead to the displacement of energy produced at local facilities (Citizen Budget Commission., 2013). For example, the EPA calculated that for a ton of wasted combusted in the Middle Atlantic region prevent about 0.56 metric tons of emission from local utilities (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). The EPA also estimated that for every ton of waste combusted, 0.04 tons of carbon dioxide from metal recovery is saved (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). WTE is the only alternative to landfilling of non-recyclable wastes, where the decomposing waste releases methane into the atmosphere (Psomopoulos et al., 2009). Which means that the city practice of hauling waste to other states landfill is increasing the citys carbon footprint. Disposing of the citys garbage to local WTE would decrease the citys carbon foot print (Citizen Budget Commission., 2012). 4.1.4.2. Source of Renewable Energy Figure 4.1.2. Sources of U.S. electricity generation in 2015 (Modified after EIA, 2016). The combustible materials in MSW consist of 82% biomass (paper, food, yard wastes etc.), and 18% petroleum chemical wastes (Psomopolous et al., 2009). Therefore, MSW is considered a renewable source of energy and it is included by the U.S. Department of Energy in the biomass fuel category of renewable energy source (Psomopolous et al., 2009). In 2015, renewable energy generated 13% of the energy produced in the U.S. (EIA, 2016). The electricity produced by WTE facilities in the U.S. is 3% of the renewable energy generated in 2015, which is less than the amount of electricity generated by other renewable energy sources such as wind (35% of renewable energy generated), and solar (5% of renewable energy generated) (EIA, 2016) (see Figure 4.1.2). However, compare to wind and solar energy, the electricity generated by waste is consistent because the availability of these resources is stable, while the amount of electricity generated by the wind and solar energy depend on daily and seasona l weather, and this make the sources unreliable. (EIA, 2016). This shows that even though waste is not generating a lot of energy, it is a stable energy resource. 4.1.4.3. Recycling Having a WTE plant in the city would increase the citys recycling rate. WTE plant in the city would burn only non-recyclable material, which means that New Yorkers have the responsibility of sorting out their garbage before it is taken to the WTE plant (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). 4.1.4.4. Free Amenities The people who live near the WTE plant might be entitled to free amenities. For example, the Toshima Incinerator plant in Tokyo has a swimming pool and an affordable fitness center located within the plant (Harden, 2008). These amenities are accessible to the people who live in community where the plant is located (Harden, 2008). Another example, is the Hiroshima Naka Citys Incinerator plant in Japan, which is also known as the museum of garbage (Harden, 2008). The end of one of Hiroshimas main boulevards, overlooks the citys harbor, but the building has entirely blocked residents access to the water(Bernstein,2004). Therefore, the architect of the building decided to continue the boulevard, in form of a raised, glass-enclosed walkway (Bernstein, 2004). Beginning where the pavement ends, a 400-foot walkway slips was put through the building, ending in a new waterfront park. Residents can walk through the slip to get access to the waterfront park (Bernstein, 2004). The beautiful archi tecture of the plant has made it a tourist attraction center in Hiroshima (Bernstein, 2004). This proves that WTE plants can be multifunctional. If the city decides to build its own WTE plants it can make it attractive to the community by including free amenities. 4.1.5. Economic Analysis In 2012, the average price of sending our waste to distant landfill was $95 per ton and it was estimated that the price would increase to $140 per ton in 2016 (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). Meanwhile sending our waste to WTE facilities in Newark, New Jersey, and Hempstead, Long Island cost the city $66 and $77 per ton, respectively (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). The prices for sending our waste to distant landfill and WTE facilities is expected to increase in the coming years (Citizen Budget Commission, 2016). In comparison, the projected tipping fees of new plants are much lower than sending our waste out of the city (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). The New York City Independent Budget Office (IBO) estimated that the tipping fee at a new WTE plant that process 900,000 tons of waste per year would cost about $108 per ton in 2019, which is cheaper than the $140 per ton in 2016 for landfill (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). Therefore, it would be beneficiary for the city to build its own plants. A full detail on economic analysis regarding WTE can be found in section 4.4 of this report. 4.1.6. Recommendation The use of a WTE plant located in the city or near the city offers both economic and environmental benefits compared to sending our waste out of the City (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). Different factors are involved in estimating the economic benefits from the use of citys own WTE facility (citizen Budget Commission, 2012). The Key factors for the estimation are the future price of transporting waste to landfills, and the time it would take to plan, design and construct a plant (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). Therefore, the cost of WTE would be compared to the amount the City would be paying to export its waste in 2022 (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). It is estimated that in 2022 the City would be paying $170 per ton to export to landfill (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). It would cost the City $750 million to finance a 3,000-ton per day WTE plant and capital funding, cost of operations and net of electricity sales for the plant would be approximate $109 million in 2022 (Citizen Budget Commission, 2016). It is assumed that the plant would be able to process 985, 500 tons of waste annually at a cost of $111 per ton if it operates all year round with 90 percent availability, (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). This would save the City $59 for every ton sent to the new plant instead of being transported to landfill (Citizen Budget Commission,2016). Using this estimate, taxpayers would save approximately $119 million if the city diverts two million tons from landfill to WTE plant in 2022 (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). This would lead to a reduction in the cost for disposing MSW in the City from $526 million to $408 million, a 23 percent drop in 2022 (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). The diversion of two million tons of waste from landfills to WTE woul d not only save the city money but also reduce greenhouse gas emission (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). Greenhouse gas emission due to this diversion is expected to decrease by 35 percent, which is equivalent to the reduction of carbon dioxide from 679,000 to 439,000 metric tons (Citizen Budget Commission, 2012). A Full detail on recommendations for the city regarding WTE can be found in section 4.4. of this report 4.1.7. Conclusion The use of WTE facilities has proven to be one of the best ways of managing MSW. WTE helps lower greenhouse gases and provides energy and material recovery. WTE also help reduce our reliance on fossil fuels for electricity, which leads to the reduction of greenhouse gas. WTE would also help increase the recycling rate of the city. Building WTE plant within NYC might be a problem due to the misconceptions surrounding WTE facilities. When people hear WTE, they think back to the old incinerators that were used in the 20th century in NYC. Therefore, it is essential for New York City to develop programs that would educate New Yorkers about the benefit of having WTE in the city and the differences between modern incinerators and the incinerators from 20th century. WTE has more benefits for the city than any effect it might have on the environment. References An, J., Kim, J., Golestani, B., Tasneem, K. M., Al Muhit, B. A., Nam, B. H., Behzadan, A. H. (2014). Evaluating the use of waste-to-energy bottom ash as road construction materials. University of Central Florida: Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering. Accessed: December 8, 2016: http://www.fdot.gov/research/completed_proj/summary_smo/fdot-bdk78-977-20-rpt.pdf Bernstein, F.A. (2004). Beauty in Garbage: Naka Incinerator Plant by Yoshio Taniguchi. Arch News Now. Accessed November 26. 2016: http://www.archnewsnow.com/features/Feature152.htm Chambers, T (2016). Interviewed by me. Facility manager of Covanta Huntington LP. Kings Park, NY. Citizens Budget Commission (2012). Taxes In, Garbage Out: The Need for Better Solid Waste Disposal Policies in New York City. Citizens Budget Commission New York. Accessed October 6, 2016: http://www.cbcny.org/sites/default/files/REPORT_SolidWaste_053312012.pdf Cohen, C., Martinez, H., and Schroder, A. (2015). Waste Management Practices in New York City, Hong Kong and Beijing. Columbia University. Accessed October 5, 2016: http://www.columbia.edu/~sc32/documents/ALEP%20Waste%20Managent%20FINAL.pdf Dunlap, D.W. (1989). Panel Votes Bill to Ban Incinerators. New York Times. Accessed November 28, 2016: http://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/23/nyregion/panel-votes-bill-to-ban-incinerators.html EIA (2016). Energy in Brief: How much U.S. electricity is generated from renewable energy. Energy Information Administration. Accessed December 6, 2016: https://www.eia.gov/energy_in_brief/article/renewable_electricity.cfm EPA (2016). Energy Recovery from Waste: Air Emissions from MSW Combustion Facilities. Environmental Protection Agency. Accessed December 8, 2016: https://archive.epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/municipal/web/html/airem.html Harden, B. (2008). Japan Stanches Stench of Mass Incinerators. Washington Post. Accessed November 28, 2016: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2008/11/17/AR2008111702968.html Lam, C. H., Ip, A. W., Barford, J. P., and McKay, G. (2010). Use of incineration MSW ash: a review. Sustainability, 2(7), 1943-1968. Pà ©rez-Villarejo, L., Eliche-Quesada, D., Iglesias-Godino, F. J., Martà ­nez-Garcà ­a, C., Corpas-Iglesias, F. A. (2012). Recycling of ash from biomass incinerator in clay matrix to produce ceramic bricks. Journal of environmental management, 95, S349-S354. Psomopoulos, C. S., Bourka, A., Themelis, N. J. (2009). Waste-to-energy: A review of the status and benefits in USA. Waste management, 29(5), 1718-1724. Rizzo, C., Plum, M.K. (2012). Waste-to -Energy Facilities in New York City: Challenges and Opportunities. Accessed October 2, 2016: http://www.clm.com/publication.cfm?ID=370 Sylvan, D. (2011). Municipal Solid Waste in New York City: An Economic and Environmental Analysis of Disposal Options. New York League of Conservation Voters Education Fund (NYLCVEF). Accessed October 6, 2016: http://nylcvef.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Solid-Waste-Background-Paper.pdf Szendro, B. (2015). New York City Makes Small Improvement in Recycling Rate: Despite improvements, Department of Sanitation falls short of its goal. New York League of Conservation Voters (NYLCV). Accessed November 15, 2016: http://nylcv.org/news/new-york-city-makes-small-improvement-in-recycling-rates Walsh, D. C., Chillrud, S. N., Simpson, H. J., Bopp, R. F. (2001). Refuse incinerator particulate emissions and combustion residues for New York City during the 20th century. Environmental science technology, 35(12), 2441-2447 Walsh, D. C. (2002). Peer Reviewed: The Evolution of Refuse Incineration. Environmental science technology, 36(15), 316A-322A. WastedNYC (2015). History of Incineration in New York City. WastedNYC. Accessed November 28, 2016: https://wastednyc.wordpress.com/local-incineration/incinerators-in-inwood/

The Berlin Blockade

For many historians, the Berlin Blockade effectively started the Cold War era. This is because it happened to be the first major issue which took place between the United States and her allies, on one hand, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), on the other hand, after which years of tension between the two camps ensued (Byrnes). Essentially, The Berlin Blockade took place when the USSR cut off all access to Berlin in an attempt to force the United States, Britain, and France to the negotiating table for the purpose of discussing the future as well as the division of Germany (Wilde).Historical Background When the Second World War ended in 1945, the victorious allied forces which consisted of the United States, Great Britain, France, and the USSR occupied Germany and divided the country into four zones and its capital (Berlin) into four sectors. Berlin, however, was located well inside the zone which was occupied by the Soviets. In other words, before the three other occ upiers could gain access to their Berlin sectors, they had to pass through the Soviet-occupied zone.Under their arrangement, although the country was already divided into four zones, it would still be considered as one economic entity to be controlled by the â€Å"Allied Control Council (ACC)† (Russian History Encyclopedia). Based in Berlin, the ACC was also known as the Allied Control Authority or the Alliierter Kontrollrat in German. It was essentially a â€Å"military occupation governing body of Germany† composed of the representatives of the United States, Great Britain, and the USSR. A later addition was France whose representative was granted with the power to vote but did not have any duties.The ACC was formally constituted on August 30, 1945. Its initial members were General Dwight Eisenhower of the United States, Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery of Great Britain, Marshal Georgy Zhukov of the USSR, and General Jean Joseph-Marie Gabriel Lattre de Tassigny of Fr ance (Spiritus-Temporis. com). Unfortunately, the relations between the USSR and the three other occupiers of Germany did not last that long because their self-appointed task of administering the occupied Germany under the provisions of the ACC agreement did not go as envisioned.For one, the Soviets insisted on collecting huge reparations from its controlled eastern zone while the United States, Great Britain, and France, instead of demanding for reparations, wanted to revitalize the economy of their occupied zones in order to improve the living conditions of the residents (BBC Bitesize). Their disagreement was sparked by the January 1, 1947 decision of the British and the Americans to merge their zones and form the Bizone. Then the two countries spent the rest of 1947 and the early part of 1948 in the preparation of a currency reform that would ultimately introduce the Deutschmark.This currency reform was only the first step towards the establishment of a separate West German state . This move was opposed by the Russians because, according to them, it showed that the Americans and the British were no longer interested in taking part in the â€Å"four-power control of Germany. † The Russians further argued that the American and the British move would ultimately result to the death of the ACC (Spiritus-Temporis. com). By January 1948, the Soviets were already starting to severely criticize the intents and methods which the Americans and the British were employing in dealing with the economic problems of West Germany.Their disagreements remained unresolved until finally, in March of the same year, the Soviet delegation to the ACC staged a walkout. That Soviet act effectively dissolved the council because no further meetings had been conducted after their walkout (Russian History Encyclopedia). In spite of their disagreements, all four victorious countries were wary of the rebirth of a unified Germany. They all agreed that allowing Germany to regain its eco nomic and military strength would be a very risky proposition because the country might again represent a threat to world peace.However, they differed in their methods and intentions regarding the future of the country. First, the USSR wanted to convert the eastern territory into a communist state. Then it feared that if the zones controlled by the United States, Great Britain, and France would be totally integrated into the capitalist West, its control over its own Russian zone would be threatened, considering that the three Berlin sectors controlled by the three occupiers were located deep inside the Soviet-occupied zone.Stalin, in particular, who was known to have been consumed by paranoia, suspected that the western occupied sector in Berlin would first attempt to alienate the eastern sector from Russian influence and later serve as a staging point of a destabilization campaign against the Soviet Union itself, including the entire Eastern European communist bloc. For this reason alone, Stalin could not allow the emergence of a unified and rejuvenated West Germany inside the Russian zone. The other three occupiers, on the other hand, were bent on working together towards their common objective of rejuvenating their occupied territories.Their intention was to unify their three zones into a capitalist West Germany and integrate the same into their economic and defense organizations. Their purpose was to exercise complete control over West Germany while providing all the necessary assistance it needed in order to become a self supporting state (Wilde). In all indications, the disagreement over the Berlin question was already the start of the Cold War era. Both the western bloc and the Soviet Union were already considering their positions in the new world political order.So that when the Soviet delegation walked out of the ACC meeting, the United States and Great Britain became really convinced of the urgency of the establishment of a West German state. It coul d not be denied that they, themselves, did not want to give the Soviet Union the opportunity to consolidate its hold over all of Europe. For this purpose, a â€Å"Six Power Conference† was convened. Delegates from the United States, Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Belgium sat down and discussed the issue.